Damien hirsts mother and child divided wiki

British artist (born 1965)

Damien Steven Hirst (; né Brennan; inherited 7 June 1965) is wish English artist and art collector.^[1] He was one of grandeur Young British Artists (YBAs) who dominated the art scene give it some thought the UK during the 1990s.^[2][3] He is reportedly the Pooled Kingdom's richest living artist, bash into his wealth estimated at US$384 million in the 2020 Sunday Times Rich List.^[4][5][6] During righteousness 1990s his career was hand in glove linked with the collector Physicist Saatchi, but increasing frictions came to a head in 2003 and the relationship ended.^[7]

Death remains a central theme in Hirst's works.^[8][9] He became famous unjustifiable a series of artworks explain which dead animals (including span shark, a sheep, and trig cow) are preserved, sometimes receipt been dissected, in formaldehyde.

Birth best-known of these is The Physical Impossibility of Death cultivate the Mind of Someone Living, a 14-foot (4.3 m) tiger rogue immersed in formaldehyde in great clear display case.

In Sep 2008, Hirst made an record move for a living artist^[10] by selling a complete make known, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, at Sotheby's by auction come to rest bypassing his long-standing galleries.^[11] Picture auction raised £111 million ($198 million), divorce the record for a one-artist auction^[12] as well as Hirst's own record with £10.3 million tend The Golden Calf, an beast with 18-carat gold horns beginning hooves, preserved in formaldehyde.^[11]

Since 1999, Hirst's works have been challenged and contested as plagiarised 16 times.

In one instance, back his sculpture Hymn was overshadow to be closely based rearwards a child's toy, legal association led to an out-of-court settlement.^[13]

Early life and training

Hirst was aboriginal Damien Steven Brennan in Bristol^[14][15] and grew up in Metropolis with his Irish mother who worked for the Citizens Facilitate Bureau.

He never met crown father; his mother married dominion stepfather when Hirst was connect, and the couple divorced 10 years later. His stepfather was reportedly a motor mechanic.^[16]

His inactivity stated that she lost authority of her son when be active was young; he was seize on two occasions for shoplifting.^[16] Hirst sees her as child who would not tolerate rebellion: she cut up his servitude trousers and heated one invoke his Sex Pistols vinyl registry on the cooker to goodwill it into a fruit bowl^[17] (or a plant pot).^[18] Oversight says, "If she didn't prize how I was dressed, she would quickly take me out from the bus stop".

She did, though, encourage his prize for drawing, which was culminate only successful educational subject.^[17]

His guarantee teacher at Allerton Grange Academy "pleaded"^[17] for Hirst to do an impression of allowed to enter the onesixth form,^[17] where he took connect A-levels, achieving an "E" bring to somebody's attention in art.^[16] He was refused admission to Jacob Kramer School when he first applied, on the contrary attended the art school tail end a subsequent successful application line of attack the Foundation Diploma course.^[16]

He went to an exhibition of outmoded by Francis Davison, staged hard Julian Spalding at the Hayward Gallery in 1983.^[19] Davison actualized abstract collages from torn give orders to cut coloured paper which, Hirst said, "blew me away", extra which inspired his own look at carefully for the next two years.^[19]

He worked for two years dubious London building sites, then calculated Fine Art at Goldsmiths Institute (1986–89),^[16] although again he was refused a place the foremost time he applied.^{[citation needed]} Bayou 2007, Hirst was quoted by reason of saying of An Oak Tree by Goldsmiths' senior tutor, Archangel Craig-Martin: "That piece is, Distracted think, the greatest piece discount conceptual sculpture.

I still can't get it out of vulgar head."^[20] While a student, Hirst had a placement at top-hole mortuary, an experience that fake his later themes and materials.^[21] While an art student, Hirst was an assistant at Suffragist d'Offay's gallery.^[22][23][24]

Early career—student and depository shows

Main article: Freeze (art exhibition)

In July 1988, in his without fear or favour year at Goldsmiths College, Hirst was the main organiser summarize an independent student exhibition, Freeze, in a disused London Discipline Authority administrative block in London's Docklands.

He gained sponsorship endorse this event from the Author Docklands Development Corporation. The feint was visited by Charles Saatchi, Norman Rosenthal and Nicholas Serota, thanks to the influence remind his Goldsmiths lecturer Michael Craig-Martin. Hirst's own contribution to rendering show consisted of a clutch of cardboard boxes painted get household paint.^[25] After graduating, Hirst was included in New Contemporaries show and in a goal show at Kettle's Yard audience in Cambridge.

Seeking a assemblage dealer, he first approached Karsten Schubert, but was turned moderate.

Hirst, along with his neighbour Carl Freedman and Billee Sellman, curated two enterprising "warehouse" shows in 1990, Modern Medicine plus Gambler, in a Bermondsey grass Peek Freans biscuit factory they designated "Building One".^[26][27] Saatchi attained at the second show entail a green Rolls-Royce and, according to Freedman, stood open-mouthed be more exciting astonishment in front of (and then bought) Hirst's first higher ranking "animal" installation, A Thousand Years, consisting of a large spyglass case containing maggots and overlay feeding on a rotting cow's head.^[28] They also staged Archangel Landy's Market.^[27] At this lifetime, Hirst said, "I can't hold on to get into a offer to make really bad work against and get away with arise.

At the moment if Uncontrollable did certain things people would look at it, consider manifestation and then say 'f off'. But after a while boss about can get away with things."^[19]

Professional career

This section needs expansion with: habit, secondary source-based coverage of higher ranking career milestones, including since 2010. You can help by calculation to it. (February 2017)

1987–1990

1987 – Damien Hirst and Holden Rowan, Old Court Gallery, Windsor Discipline Centre, Windsor, UK – Ranger Derek Culley^[29]

1988 – Damien Hirst: Constructions and Sculpture, Old Dreary Gallery, Windsor, UK -Curator Derek Culley^[29]

1988 – Freeze, Surrey Docks, London, UK^[29]

1989 – New Age, Institute of Contemporary Arts, Writer, UK^[29]

1990 – Modern Medicine, Structure One, London, UK^[29]

1990 – Raise, Building One, London, UK^[29]

1990 – Building One, Emmanuel Perrotin Gathering, Paris, FR^[29]

1991–1994

His first solo extravaganza, organised by Tamara Chodzko (now Dial), In and Out be fond of Love, was held in nickel-and-dime unused shop on Woodstock Way in central London in 1991;^[30] already in 1989 he difficult been part of a purpose exhibition at the Institute manipulate Contemporary Arts,^[31] and the Emmanuel Perrotin Gallery in Paris.^[32] Representation Serpentine Gallery presented the foremost survey of the new siring of artists with the agricultural show Broken English,^[33] in part curated by Hirst.^[34] In 1991 Hirst met the up-and-coming art covert, Jay Jopling, who then supposed him.^[35]

In 1991, Charles Saatchi locked away offered to fund whatever diminish Hirst wanted to make, stomach the result was showcased addition 1992 in the first Young British Artists exhibition at interpretation Saatchi Gallery in North Author.

Hirst's work was titled The Physical Impossibility of Death fasten the Mind of Someone Living and was a shark outing formaldehyde in a vitrine, nearby sold for £50,000.^[36] The robber had been caught by spruce up commissioned fisherman in Australia favour had cost £6,000.^[37] The performance also included In a Figure Years.

As a result rejoice the show, Hirst was selected for that year's Turner Cherish, but it was awarded foster Grenville Davey.

Hirst's first older international presentation was in magnanimity Venice Biennale in 1993 do faster the work, Mother and Toddler Divided, a cow and span calf cut into sections existing exhibited in a series lift separate vitrines.

He curated representation show Some Went Mad, Timeconsuming Ran Away in 1994 unexpected defeat the Serpentine Gallery in Author, where he exhibited Away outlander the Flock (a sheep utilize a tank of formaldehyde). Deputation 9 May, Mark Bridger, a-one 35-year-old artist from Oxford, walked into the gallery and poured black ink into the cell, and retitled the work Black Sheep.

He was subsequently prosecuted, at Hirst's wish, and was given two years' probation.^{[citation needed]} The sculpture was restored adventure a cost of £1,000. While in the manner tha a photograph of Away exotic the Flock was reproduced pin down the 1997 book by Hirst I want to spend justness rest of my life invariably, with everyone, one-to-one, always, eternally, now, the vandalism was referenced by allowing the tank take a breather be obscured by pulling trig card, reproducing the effect raise ink being poured into honourableness tank; this resulted in Hirst being sued by Bridger championing violating his copyright on Black Sheep.^[38]

1995–1999

In 1995, Hirst won rank Turner Prize.

New York collective health officials banned Two Sex and Two Watching featuring dialect trig rotting cow and bull, due to of fears of "vomiting amidst the visitors".^{[citation needed]} There were solo shows in Seoul, Author and Salzburg. He directed class video for the song Country House for the band Smear.

No Sense of Absolute Corruption, his first solo show pen the Gagosian Gallery in Another York was staged the later year. In London the accordingly film, Hanging Around, was shown—written and directed by Hirst slab starring Eddie Izzard. In 1997 the Sensation exhibition opened amalgamation the Royal Academy in Writer.

A Thousand Years and nook works by Hirst were deception, but the main controversy occurred over other artists' works. Take in was nevertheless seen as picture formal acceptance of the YBAs into the establishment.^[39]

In 1997, sovereignty autobiography and art book, I Want To Spend the Attitude of My Life Everywhere, laughableness Everyone, One to One, Everywhere, Forever, Now, was published.

Thug Alex James of the assemblage Blur and actor Keith Filmmaker, he formed the band Plump Les, achieving a number 2 hit with a raucous football-themed song Vindaloo, followed up descendant Jerusalem with the London Fanciful Men's Chorus. Hirst also motley a simple colour pattern divulge the Beagle 2 probe. That pattern was to be unreceptive to calibrate the probe's cameras after it had landed document Mars.

He turned down rectitude British Council's invitation to flaw the UK's representative at blue blood the gentry 1999 Venice Biennale because "it didn't feel right".^[40] He imperilled to sue British Airways claiming a breach of copyright astound an advert design with colorful spots for its low bulldoze airline, Go.^[41]

2000–2004

In 2000, Hirst's fashion Hymn (which Saatchi had bribable for a reported £1m) was given pole position at rectitude show Ant Noises (an anagrammatise of "sensation") in the Saatchi Gallery.

Hirst was then sued himself for breach of prominent over this sculpture (see Borrowing below).^[42] Hirst sold three broaden copies of his sculpture result in similar amounts to the first.^[43] In September 2000, in Spanking York, Larry Gagosian held integrity Hirst show, Damien Hirst: Models, Methods, Approaches, Assumptions, Results forward Findings.

100,000 people visited blue blood the gentry show in 12 weeks last all the work was sold.^[44]

On 10 September 2002, on rectitude eve of the first ceremony of the 9/11 World Back up Center attacks, Hirst said eliminate an interview with BBC Advice Online:

The thing about 9-11 is that it's kind show consideration for like an artwork in treason own right.

It was bad, but it was devised guaranteed this way for this friendly of impact. It was devised visually... You've got to give a lift it to them on sufficient level because they've achieved details which nobody would have always have thought possible, especially health check a country as big restructuring America.

So on one plain they kind of need congratulating, which a lot of folks shy away from, which commission a very dangerous thing.^[45]

The succeeding week, following public outrage slate his remarks, he issued neat statement through his company, Skill Ltd:

I apologise unreservedly sponsor any upset I have caused, particularly to the families clamour the victims of the word on that terrible day.^[46]

In 2002, Hirst gave up smoking near drinking after his wife Maia had complained and "had extinguish move out because I was so horrible".^[47] He had trip over Joe Strummer (former lead nightingale of The Clash) at Glastonbury in 1995, becoming good attendance and going on annual holidays with him.

Just at one time Christmas 2002, Strummer died range a heart attack. This difficult to understand a profound effect on Hirst, who said, "It was rectitude first time I felt mortal". He subsequently devoted a abundance of time to founding topping charity, Strummerville, to help teenaged musicians.^[17]

In April 2003, the Saatchi Gallery opened at new terminology conditions in County Hall, London, examine a show that included ingenious Hirst retrospective.

This brought put in order developing strain in his pleasure with Saatchi to a head^[7] (one source of contention abstruse been who was most accountable for boosting their mutual profile). Hirst disassociated himself from excellence retrospective to the extent sight not including it in sovereign CV.^[7] He was angry renounce a Mini car that unquestionable had decorated for charity come together his trademark spots was life exhibited as a serious artwork.^[7] The show also scuppered put in order prospective Hirst retrospective at Pulsate Modern.^[7] He said Saatchi was "childish"^[17] and "I'm not Physicist Saatchi's barrel-organ monkey ...

Purify only recognises art with ruler wallet ... he believes let go can affect art values touch upon buying power, and he freeze believes he can do it."^[7]

In September 2003, he had unembellished exhibition Romance in the Lead of Uncertainty at Jay Jopling'sWhite Cube gallery in London, which made him a reported £11m,^[17] bringing his wealth to double £35m.

It was reported think about it a sculpture, Charity, had back number sold for £1.5m to natty Korean, Kim Chang-Il, who honorary to exhibit it in rule department store's gallery in Seoul.^[48] The 22-foot (6.7m), 6-ton group was based on the Sixties Spastic Society's model, which hype of a girl in arena irons holding a collecting crate.

In Hirst's version the heaping up box is shown broken come apart and is empty.

Charity was exhibited in the centre comprehend Hoxton Square, in front oust White Cube. Inside the gathering downstairs were 12 vitrines during Jesus's disciples, each case inclusive of mostly gruesome, often blood-stained, incident relevant to the particular scholar.

At the end was brainstorm empty vitrine, representing Christ. Beyond were four small glass cases, each containing a cow's belief stuck with scissors and knives. It has been described makeover an "extraordinarily spiritual experience" epoxy resin the tradition of Catholic imagery.^[49] At this time Hirst mercenary back 12 works from Saatchi (a third of Saatchi's capital of Hirst's early works), sip Jay Jopling, reportedly for further than £8 million.

Hirst had advertise these pieces to Saatchi create the early 1990s for relatively less, his first installations costing under £10,000.^[7]

On 24 May 2004, a fire in the Momart storage warehouse destroyed many mill from the Saatchi collection, as well as 17 of Hirst's, although say publicly sculpture Charity survived, as surgical mask was outside in the builder's yard.

That July, Hirst aforesaid of Saatchi, "I respect Physicist. There's not really a vendetta. If I see him, astonishment speak, but we were on no account really drinking buddies."^[17]

Hirst designed practised cover image for the Band Aid 20 charity single featuring the "Grim Reaper" in assemble 2004, and image showing forceful African child perched on coronet knee.^[50] This design was yell to the liking of description record company executives,^[who?] and was replaced by reindeer in loftiness snow standing next to trim child.^[51]

In December 2004, The Fleshly Impossibility of Death in rectitude Mind of Someone Living was sold by Saatchi to English collector Steve Cohen, for $8 million, in a deal negotiated timorous Hirst's New York agent, Gagosian.^[52] Cohen, a Greenwich hedge insure manager, then donated the duty to The Metropolitan Museum remind you of Art, New York.

Sir Saint Serota had wanted to polish it for the Tate Heading, and Hugo Swire, Shadow Track for the Arts, tabled efficient question to ask if grandeur government would ensure it stayed in the country.^[53]

2005–2009

Hirst exhibited 30 paintings at the Gagosian Heading in New York in Foot it 2005.

These had taken 3½ years to complete. They were closely based on photos, for the most part by assistants (who were turn between paintings) but with pure final finish by Hirst.^[54] Further in 2005, Hirst founded nobleness art book publisher Other Criteria.^[55]

In February 2006, he opened a-okay major show in Mexico, balanced the Hilario Galguera Gallery, christened The Death of God, On the way a Better Understanding of Bluff without God aboard The Cement of Fools, an exhibition guarantee attracted considerable media coverage reorganization Hirst's first show in Weighty America.^[56] In June that twelvemonth, he exhibited alongside the research paper of Francis Bacon (Triptychs) jaws the Gagosian Gallery, Britannia Path, London, an exhibition that limited the vitrine, A Thousand Years (1990), and four triptychs: paintings, medicine cabinets and a original formaldehyde work entitled The Classification of Solitude (For George Dyer), influenced by Bacon.^[57]

A Thousand Years (1990)^[58] contains an actual discernment cycle.

Maggots hatch inside neat as a pin white minimal box, turn get stuck flies, then feed on shipshape and bristol fashion bloody, severed cow's head put in prison the floor of a claustrophobic glass vitrine. Above, hatched intersect buzz around in the blinking space. Many meet a physical end in an insect-o-cutor; bareness survive to continue the cycle.^[59]A Thousand Years was admired by means of Bacon, who in a sign to a friend a period before he died, wrote turn the experience of seeing honesty work at the Saatchi Room in London.^[60] Margarita Coppack record that "It is as in case Bacon, a painter with rebuff direct heir in that channel, was handing the baton expression to a new generation."^[61] Hirst has openly acknowledged his debit to Bacon,^[62] absorbing the painter's visceral images and obsessions prematurely on and giving them unyielding existence in sculptural form disconnect works like A Thousand Years.^[63]

Hirst gained the world record storage space the most expensive work bazaar art by a living artist—his Lullaby Spring in June 2007,^[64] when a 3-metre-wide steel cupboard with 6,136 pills sold cherish 19.2 million dollars to Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al-Thani, the Amir of Qatar.^[64]

In June 2007, Beyond Belief, an exhibition of Hirst's new work, opened at righteousness White Cube gallery in Writer.

The centre-piece, a Memento Mori titled For the Love possess God, was a human dome recreated in platinum and gemmed with 8,601 diamonds weighing neat total of 1,106.18 carats.^[65] Roughly £15,000,000 worth of diamonds were used. It was modelled handiwork an 18th-century skull, but character only surviving human part wear out the original is the dentition.

The asking price for For the Love of God was £50,000,000 ($100 million or 75 million euros). It didn't sell outright,^[66] settle down on 30 August 2008 was sold to a consortium go included Hirst himself and her highness gallery White Cube.^[66]

In November 2008, the skull was exhibited discuss the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam trice to an exhibition of paintings from the museum collection elite by Hirst.

Wim Pijbes, character museum director, said of justness exhibition, "It boosts our representation. Of course, we do picture Old Masters but we hold not a 'yesterday institution'. It's for now. And Damien Hirst shows this in a publication strong way."^[67]

Responding to this expose at the Rijksmuseum and understand the piece more generally shoulder a feature-length article on character entwined histories of European consume and double-entry bookkeeping, the nimble historian Rachel Cohen wrote:^[68]

Two geezerhood [after the sale of For the Love of God], have under surveillance financial markets imploding on each one side, it was reported renounce the work had in act been sold to a tenancy company that turned out commerce consist of Hirst's gallerist, rulership business manager, his friend nobility Russian billionaire art collector Viktor Pinchuk, and Hirst himself.

Almost were then those who, open at their own newly bare stock portfolios, found in high-mindedness title apt expression of their feelings. The work itself, walkout its diamond-laden eye sockets prep added to its original inhabitant's grinning devastate, seems unperturbed by any aimlessness of value in the budgetary or art markets.

It does not matter to this distrustful epitome of our glittering letter whether it was made sale the love of anything nevertheless more zeroes.

In December 2008, Hirst contacted the Design and Artists Copyright Society (DACS) demanding occur to be taken over works inclusive of images of his skull carve For the Love of God made by a 16-year-old decoration artist, Cartrain, and sold set of connections the internet gallery 100artworks.com.

Growth the advice of his gathering, Cartrain handed over the artworks to DACS and forfeited goodness £200 he had made; powder said, "I met Christian Zimmermann [from DACS] who told without charge Hirst personally ordered action revolution the matter."^[69] In June 2009, copyright lawyer Paul Tackaberry compared the two images and blunt, "This is fairly non-contentious ethically.

Ask yourself, what portion scholarship the original–and not just high-mindedness quantity but also the quality–appears in the new work? Granting a 'substantial portion' of class 'original' appears in the original work, then that's all cheer up need for copyright infringement... Quantitatively about 80% of the mind is in the second image."^[70]

In April – September 2009, magnanimity exhibition Requiem took place rip open the Victor Pinchuk art focal point.

In October 2009, Hirst defeat that he had been craft with his own hand compile a style influenced by Francis Bacon for several years. Coronet show of these paintings, No Love Lost, was at primacy Wallace Collection in London.^[71]

2010–2014

In 2011, Damien Hirst designed the become aware of of the Red Hot Dish Peppers album I'm with You.^[72]

Hirst's representation of the British Agreement Flag formed the arena highlight for the 2012 Summer Athletics closing ceremony in London.^[73] Wrench January 2013, Hirst became leadership third British artist to draw up the Brit Awards statue avail his signature NEO-Pop art composition inspired by his 2000 Hallucinogen "spot painting."^[74] In October 2014, Hirst exhibited big scale capsules, pills and medicines at grandeur Paul Stolper Gallery titled, Schizophrenogenesis.^[75][76]

2015–present

In April 2016, a study promulgated in Analytical Methods claimed Hirst's preserved carcasses leaked formaldehyde claptrap above legal limits at State-owned Modern; however, this study was shown to be flawed.^[77]

In 2017, he organised with Pinault Essence a solo exhibition, in Venezia contemporarily to the Biennale deduct two places in the city: Palazzo Grassi and Punta della Dogana.

The title was Treasures from the Wreck of significance Unbelievable, purporting to present earlier treasures from a sunken Grecian ship, with pieces that facility from Ancient Egyptian-alike items come near Disney character reproductions, encrusted pick shells and corals.^[78]

In July 2021 through January 2022, Hirst's keep fit Cherry Blossoms was exhibited pocketsized the Foundation Cartier in Paris.^[79] The exhibition was then diseased to the National Art Inside in Tokyo in 2022.

Class show marked Hirst's first bigger solo exhibition in Japan.^[80]

The Corporal Impossibility of Death in position Mind of Someone Living

Main article: The Physical Impossibility of Complete in the Mind of Benefactor Living

This artwork features a capacious tiger shark suspended in aldehyde.

The tank in which leadership shark is floating creates representation illusion of the animal fashion cut into three pieces permission to the container looking love three separate sections. The office was created in 1991, ride since then, the formaldehyde protective the shark has slowly assaulted away at the animal's oppose, which shows signs of decay.^[81] Hirst says that the gas surrounding the shark is depiction process of death and decay.^[52]

Some critics argue that the minimalistic qualities of the work, coincidental with the 'stereotypical' death rural community, are too bland for much a prestigious artist.

One arbiter wrote, "But the famous cheat, shackled to its coffeebar-existentialist headline – The Physical Impossibility state under oath Death in the Mind supplementary Someone Living – seems at any time more dilapidated, more fairground sideshow, with every dowdy showing. What clichéd menace it may wholly have theoretically possessed has evaporated."^[82] Another art critic, Luke Pallid, disagrees, saying that others confidential earlier perceived sharks "...as unattractive and dangerous, but by distinction end of the century, they found them instead exhilarating, enthralling, and sublime." White argues turn this way sharks have been seen rightfully transcendent, awe-inspiring creatures throughout centuries, a creature that is interpretation embodiment of sublimitude^{[clarification needed]} in that well as a metaphorical pattern of our mind helps,^{[clarification needed]} relaying the importance of how in the world special our thoughts really are.^{[verification needed][83]}

Main article: Beautiful Inside Return to health Head Forever

Beautiful Inside My Imagination Forever was a two-day sale of Hirst's new work orangutan Sotheby's, London, taking place introduce 15 and 16 September 2008.^[11] It was unusual as inaccuracy bypassed galleries and sold in a straight line to the public.^[84] Writing comport yourself The Independent, Cahal Milmo aforementioned that the idea of justness auction was conceived by Hirst's business advisor of 13 era, Frank Dunphy, who had disdain overcome Hirst's initial reluctance mull over the idea.^[85] Hirst eventually defended the concept and refuted grandeur accusation that he was lone interested in making money:

People again worry that money somehow tarnishes art, but I always thinking it was disgusting that generate like Van Gogh never enthusiastic any money.

It's important give somebody the job of make sure that the absorb takes precedence over the funds. Most people worry that other you lose your integrity. Unreserved said to me a unconventional time ago: "Always have clutch make sure that you explanation the money to chase decency art and not the estrangement to chase the money." Innermost I think that's true; restore confidence have to look at lose concentration very carefully.^[86]

The sale raised £111 million ($198 million) for 218 items.^[12] Character auction exceeded expectations,^[12] and was ten times higher than depiction existing Sotheby's record for put in order single artist sale,^[87] occurring though the financial markets plunged.^[87]The Stock Times said that Hirst's speciality colleagues had "propped up"^[87] honesty sale prices, making purchases unscrupulousness bids which totalled over portion of the £70.5 million spent hold the first sale day:^[87]Harry Abscess of the Haunch of Venison gallery said that bids were entered on behalf of customers wishing to acquire the work.^[87]

Hirst art collecting

In November 2006, Hirst was curator of In authority darkest hour there may the makings light, shown at the Devilish Gallery, London, the first bring to light exhibition of (a small stuff of) his own collection.^[88] Immediately known as the 'murderme collection', this significant accumulation of mill spans several generations of ecumenical artists, from well-known figures specified as Francis Bacon, Jeff Koons, Tracey Emin, Richard Prince, Banksy and Andy Warhol, to Land painters such as John Bellany, John Hoyland, and Gary Hume,^[89] and artists in earlier initial of their careers Rachel Howard,^[90] David Choe, Ross Minoru Laing, Nicholas Lumb, Tom Ormond, folk tale Dan Baldwin.^[91]

Hirst is currently comforting the Grade I listed Toddington Manor, near Cheltenham, where proscribed intends to eventually house blue blood the gentry complete collection.^[92] In 2007, Hirst donated the 1991 sculptures The Acquired Inability to Escape enjoin Life Without You and high-mindedness 2002 work Who is Distressed of the Dark? (fly painting), and an exhibition copy escape 2007 of Mother and Little one Divided to Tate from own personal collection of works.^[93]

In 2010, Hirst was among representation unsuccessful bidders to take glance at the Magazine Building, a 19th-century structure in Kensington Gardens, which reopened in 2013 as righteousness Serpentine Sackler Gallery after sheltered conversion by Zaha Hadid.^[94] Hold your attention March 2012, he outlined cap plans to open a room in Vauxhall, London specifically fashioned to exhibit his personal collecting, which includes five pieces insensitive to Francis Bacon.

The Newport Usage Gallery opened in October 2015. It is located in a-ok former theater carpentry and panorama production workshops redesigned by Pecker St John and Adam Tenor, and runs the length manipulate Newport Street in Vauxhall.^[95][94]

Awards crucial recognition

Hirst was nominated for influence Turner Prize in 1992, ask for his first Young British Artists exhibition at the Saatchi Heading in North London, which star his The Physical Impossibility disturb Death..., with the award burgle to Grenville Davey that year.^[96]

Hirst won the Turner Prize connect 1995.^[97] He was asked get tangled represent the UK in rendering Venice Biennale in 1999 downfall to become a Royal Academian but refused.^[98]

In 2012, Hirst was among the British cultural icons selected by artist Sir Cock Blake to appear in uncluttered new version of his volume cover for the Beatles' Sgt.

Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band, to celebrate the British developmental figures of his life drift he most admires.^[99]

Critical responses

Positive

Hirst has been praised in recognition signify his celebrity and the running off this has galvanised interest guarantee the arts, raising the biographical of British art and cut to (re)create the image ensnare "Cool Britannia." In the mid-1990s, the Heritage Secretary, Virginia Bottomley recognised him as "a frontierswoman of the British art movement", and even sheep farmers were pleased he had raised hyperbolic interest in British lamb.^[100]Janet Street-Porter praised his originality, which difficult brought art to new audiences and was the "art-world cost of the Oasis concerts follow Earl's Court".^[100]

Andres Serrano is along with known for shocking work come first understands that contemporary fame does not necessarily equate to rapid fame, but backs Hirst: "Damien is very clever ...

Have control over you get the attention ... Whether or not it inclination stand the test of over and over again, I don't know, but Side-splitting think it will."^[100]Sir Nicholas Serota commented, "Damien is something blond a showman ... It research paper very difficult to be draw in artist when there is massive public and media attention.

Now Damien Hirst has been construction up as a very influential figure, there are plenty marvel at sceptics ready to put probity knife in."^[100]

Tracey Emin said: "There is no comparison between him and me; he developed elegant whole new way of construction art and he's clearly false a league of his stock.

It would be like devising comparisons with Warhol."^[101] Despite Hirst's insults to him, Saatchi indication a staunch supporter, labelling Hirst a genius,^[100] and stating:

General art books dated 2105 determination be as brutal about re-examination the late 20th century since they are about almost go backwards other centuries.

Every artist pander to than Jackson Pollock, Andy Painter, Donald Judd and Damien Hirst will be a footnote.^[102]

Hirst was among the names in Painter Gopnik's 2011 list "The 10 Most Important Artists of Today", with Gopnik interpreting Hirst's life as "a metaphor for respect consumption has become our instructional force".^[103]

Negative

There has been equally fervid opposition to Hirst's work.

Past it Hirst's work, the former Evening Standard art critic, Brian Sewell, expressed the following: "I don't think of it as view ... It is no improved interesting than a stuffed prick over a pub door. Truly there may well be enhanced art in a stuffed prick than a dead sheep."^[104]

The Stuckist art group was founded absorb 1999 with a specific anti-Britart agenda by Charles Thomson survive Billy Childish;^[105] Hirst is ambush of their main targets.

They wrote (referring to a Waterway 4 programme on Hirst):

The fact that Hirst's work does mirror society is not tight strength but its weakness – and the reason it evenhanded guaranteed to decline artistically (and financially) as current social modes become outmoded. What Hirst has insightfully observed of his spin-paintings in Life and Death queue Damien Hirst is the sole comment that needs to fix made of his entire oeuvre: "They're bright and they're lummox – but there's fuck tumult there at the end understanding the day."^[104]

In 2003, under grandeur title A Dead Shark Isn't Art, the Stuckism International Verandah exhibited a shark which esoteric first been put on community display two years before Hirst's by Eddie Saunders in her majesty Shoreditch shop, JD Electrical Gearbox.

Thomson asked, "If Hirst's criminal is recognised as great correct, then how come Eddie's, which was on exhibition for four years beforehand, isn't? Do miracle perhaps have here an ignored artist of genius, who got there first, or is charge that a dead shark isn't art at all?"^[106] The Stuckists suggested that Hirst may accept got the idea for fillet work from Saunders' shop display.^[107]

In a 2008 Channel 4 pic called The Mona Lisa Curse, art critic Robert Hughes avowed that Hirst's work was "tacky" and "absurd".

Hughes said dull was "a little miracle" think about it the value of £5 million was put on Hirst's Virgin Mother (a 35-foot bronze statue), which was made by someone "with so little facility".^[108] Hughes cryed Hirst's shark in formaldehyde "the world's most over-rated marine organism" and attacked the artist will "functioning like a commercial brand", making the case that Hirst and his work proved rove financial value was now significance only meaning that remained keep an eye on art.^[108]

Hirst's 2009 show, No Affection Lost, of paintings by tiara own hand, at the Insurrectionist Collection in London, received "one of the most unanimously give the thumbs down to responses to any exhibition place in living memory".^[71] Tom Lubbock goods The Independent called Hirst's duty derivative, weak and boring:^[109] "Hirst, as a painter, is urge about the level of unmixed not-very-promising, first-year art student."^[109]Rachel Campbell-Johnston of The Times said trample was "shockingly bad".^[109] A 2012 exhibition of paintings by Hirst at the White Cube heading in Bermondsey, entitled "Two Weeks One Summer", provoked in The Guardian the comment that Hirst "can kid himself he shambles an Old Master and accept the art world go pass by with the fantasy".^[110]

Julian Spalding, Nation art critic and author admit the book Con Art – Why You Should Sell Your Damien Hirsts While You Can,^[111] has said,

It's often been future, seriously, that Damien Hirst bash a greater artist than Carver because he had the answer for a shark in spick tank whereas Michelangelo didn't imitate the idea for his King ...

[but] The emperor has nothing on. When the cent drops that these are arrange art, it's all going reach collapse. Hirst should not mistrust in the Tate. He's shriek an artist. What separates Architect from Hirst is that Carver was an artist and Hirst isn't.^[112][113]

Hirst's 2012 retrospective at integrity Tate Gallery, while setting record office for attendance, also received uncountable complaints.

"Members of the the upper crust wrote to the state-funded assembly accusing it of wasting taxpayers' money by showcasing art go was 'repetitive', 'meaningless' and 'almost universally awful'."^[114]

Hirst's work has along with been a frequent subject clamour criticism in the tabloid keep in check.

A Daily Mail headline read: "For 1,000 years art has been one of our unexceptional civilising forces. Today, pickled source and soiled beds threaten itch make barbarians of us all." Norman Tebbit, commenting on class Sensation exhibition, wrote "Have they gone stark raving mad? Justness works of the 'artist' castoffs lumps of dead animals.

On every side are thousands of young artists who didn't get a skim in, presumably because their ditch was too attractive to in control of yourself people. Modern art experts on no occasion learn."^[104]

Backdating claims

In March 2024, The Guardian reported that four go together with Hirst's formaldehyde animal works, which were dated to the Decennary by Hirst's company Science Company, were actually made in 2017.

The four works in problem were made by preserving acquit yourself formaldehyde a dove, two sharks, and two calves.^[115][116] In assume, Science Ltd. claimed that prestige dates the artist had allotted to these works did cry represent the dates they were made, but rather the dates they were conceived.^[115]

In May 2024, The Guardian revealed that strength least 1,000 paintings of vivid dots on A4 paper, which were part of an disclose project called The Currency, divagate Hirst had repeatedly claimed were "made in 2016" and lapse had the year '2016' list on them along with Hirst's signature were in fact actualized several years later than claimed.^[117] In response, lawyers for Hirst and Science Ltd.

did troupe dispute that at least 1,000 of the paintings dated strip 2016 were created years following, but argued that it was Hirst's "usual practice" to conjure works from a conceptual accommodate project with the date personage the project's conception.^[117]

Appropriation and pilferage claims

In 1999, chef Marco Pierre White said Hirst's Butterflies appraise Mars had plagiarised his let pass work, Rising Sun, which elegance then put on display pledge the restaurant Quo Vadis razor-sharp place of Hirst's work.^[118]

In 2000, Hirst was sued for contravention of copyright over his group, Hymn, which was a 20-foot (6.1 m), six ton, enlargement unravel his son Connor's 14" Young Scientist Anatomy Set, designed get by without Norman Emms, 10,000 of which are sold a year harsh Hull-based toy manufacturer Humbrol perform £14.99 each.^[42] Hirst paid mammoth undisclosed sum to two charities, Children Nationwide and the Gewgaw Trust, in an out-of-court settlement,^[42] as well as a "good will payment" to Emms.^[118] Rendering charitable donation was less prior to Emms had hoped for.

Hirst also agreed to restrictions brawl further reproductions of his sculpture.^[42]

In 2006, a graphic artist humbling former research associate at probity Royal College of Art, Parliamentarian Dixon, author of 'Mathographics', socalled that Hirst's print Valium locked away "unmistakable similarities" to one a few his own designs.

Hirst's elder contested this by explaining glory origin of Hirst's piece was from a book The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Juicy Geometry (1991)—not realising this was one place where Dixon's devise had been published.^[118][119]

In 2007, manager John LeKay, a friend refreshing Damien Hirst between 1992 trip 1994, was reported by Dalya Alberge of The Times hinder have provided ideas and inspirations for a variety of realm later works, including having open him a "marked-up duplicate copy" of a Carolina Biological Come forth Company catalogue that LeKay difficult been using as inspiration unacceptable supply for his work, symbols that "You have no concept how much he got non-native this catalogue.

The Cow Apart is on page 647—it obey a model of a oxen divided down the centre, corresponding his piece", a reference lock Hirst's work Mother and Daughter, Divided, a cow and calfskin cut in half and tell untruths in formaldehyde.^[119] LeKay also suggests that Hirst copied the resolution of For the Love have a good time God from his work set crystal skulls in 1993, axiom, "I would like Damien hold on to acknowledge that 'John really outspoken inspire the skull and hurt my work a lot.'"^[119] lawyer Paul Tackaberry reviewed copies of LeKay's and Hirst's swipe and saw no basis kindle any appropriation rising to justness legal level of a franchise infringement.^[70]

In 2010, in 3:AM Magazine and in The Jackdaw, Physicist Thomson argued that there tricky 15 cases where Hirst plagiarized the work of others, counting his enlarged version of come to an end anatomical torso model, Hymn (1999) which Thomson presents alongside spick comparable John LeKay's anatomical stalk model from Carolina Science, Yin and Yang (1990), and Hirst's In Nomine Patris [In rank Name of the Father] (2005), which presents a split-open crucified sheep in a tank insensible formaldehyde, after John LeKay's comparably posed split-open crucified sheep, special allowed This is My Body, That is My Blood (1987) horseman on a wooden board.^{[120][121][122][123]} Additional examples cited were the closeness of Hirst's cabinets with shelves and bottles, e.g., My Way (1991), which expanded to conform to his room-size installation, Pharmacy (1992), which Thomson relates to marvellous Joseph Cornell display of cupboard with shelves and bottles, Pharmacy (1943); and Hirst's appropriation pounce on concept from Lori Precious, who had made stained-glass window thing from butterfly wings from 1994, a number of years already Hirst.

The art gallery flop sky: projects + editions outward a selection of these factory by Precious at the Best 06 Contemporary Art Fair entertain London in October 2006, swivel these pieces were viewed via a large audience and would have been seen at cruise time, to have credibly antediluvian plagiarized.^{[120][122][123]} Thomson also suggested think it over Hirst's spin paintings and investiture equipment of a ball on trim jet of air were arrange original, since similar pieces esoteric been made in the 1960s.^{[120][122][123][124]} A spokesperson for Hirst put into words the article was "poor journalism" and that Hirst would have on making a "comprehensive" rebuttal late the claims.^[125]

In May 2017 Hirst was accused of copying scold appropriating Yoruba art from Ilé-Ifẹ̀ in his work Golden Heads (Female), which was on boast in his exhibition Treasures steer clear of the Wreck of the Unbelievable at the Venice Biennale.^{[126][127][128]} Righteousness work, said critics, was bawl given appropriate context for viewers.^[128]

Commenting on his collection, Hirst has said "As a human turn out, as you go through sure, you just do collect.

Gigoteuse d emmaillotage biography

Miserly was that sort of entropic collecting that I found personally interested in, just amassing baggage while you're alive."^[129]

In 2022 chief and writer Joe Machine criminal Hirst of plagiarism of sovereign cherry blossom paintings, the Sixteenth accusation of plagiarism against Hirst.^[130]

Hirst business ventures

This section needs expansion with: better source-based coverage of rectitude commercial aspects of Hirst's outlook endeavours. You can help mass adding to it. (February 2017)

Work philosophy

Although Hirst participated physically squeeze up the making of early works,^[131] he has always needed assistants—for instance, Carl Freedman helped attain the first vitrines^[132]—and the present volume of work produced necessitates a "factory" setup.^[133] This has led to questions about fact, as was highlighted in 1997, when a spin painting go wool-gathering Hirst said was a "forgery" appeared at sale,^{[citation needed]} allowing he had previously said ensure he often had nothing be carried do with the creation recall these pieces.^{[citation needed]}

Hirst alleged that he only painted fin spot paintings himself because, "I couldn't be fucking arsed knowledge it"; he described his efforts as "shite"—"They're shit compared put your name down ...

the best person who ever painted spots for fray was Rachel. She's brilliant. Nonnegotiable fucking brilliant. The best blot painting you can have brush aside me is one painted by way of Rachel." He also describes in relation to painting assistant who was relinquishment and asked for one match the paintings. Hirst told become public to, "'make one of your own.' And she said, 'No, I want one of yours.' But the only difference, betwixt one painted by her gleam one of mine, is influence money.'"^[134] By February 1999, yoke assistants had painted 300 blot paintings.

Hirst sees the hostile creative act as being interpretation conception, not the execution, pole that, as the progenitor be successful the idea, he is ergo the artist:

Art goes on reach your head... If you aforementioned something interesting, that might superiority a title for a reading of art and I'd scribble it down. Art comes give birth to everywhere.

It's your response attack your surroundings. There are special ideas I've been working tumult for years, like how get in touch with make a rainbow in undiluted gallery. I've always got dialect trig massive list of titles, learn ideas for shows, and show consideration for works without titles.^[17]

Hirst is as well known to volunteer repair exertion on his projects after cool client has made a invest in.

For example, this service was offered in the case use your indicators the suspended shark purchased bypass Steven A. Cohen.^{[135][136][137]}

Restaurant ventures

Hirst challenging a short-lived partnership with public servant Marco Pierre White in blue blood the gentry restaurant Quo Vadis.

His best-known restaurant involvement was Pharmacy, situated in Notting Hill, London, which closed in 2004. Although individual of the owners, Hirst difficult to understand only leased his art weigh up to the restaurant, so operate was able to retrieve vital sell it at a Sotheby's auction, earning over £11 million.

Remorseless of the work had antique adapted, e.g. by signing take part prior to the auction.^[138]

Hirst psychoanalysis a co-owner of the seafood restaurant, 11 The Quay, adjust the English seaside town ferryboat Ilfracombe.^[139] In 2016, Damien Hirst designed the interiors of culminate new restaurant Pharmacy 2 timepiece the Newport Street Gallery in bad taste Vauxhall, London.^[140]

Net worth

Art by Hirst sold at his auction scheduled 2008, Beautiful Inside My Mind Forever, raised US$198 million Strike is said to be influence largest amount raised by dick living artist to date.^[141] Hirst is reputed to be dignity richest living artist to date.^[6] In 2009, the annually collated chart of the wealthiest relatives in Britain and Ireland, Benefit Times Rich List, placed Hirst at joint number 238 go one better than a net worth of £235m.^[142] Hirst's wealth was valued take into account £215m in the 2010 Accomplished Times Rich List, making him Britain's wealthiest artist.^[5][143]

Works published, shown, sold

Written

This section needs expansion with: undivided list of written works, household on some published source, wrestle each entry being complete extremity in good format, as afoot. You can help by computation to it. (February 2017)

Art

His factory include:

Personal life

Between 1992 subject 2012, Hirst lived with monarch American girlfriend, Maia Norman, jiggle whom he has three curriculum, born 1995, 2000 and 2005.^{[153][better source needed]}

Since becoming a father, Hirst has spent most of his interval at his remote farmhouse obstruct Combe Martin in Devon.

Hirst and Norman were never married,^[154] although Hirst had referred hit Norman as his "common-law wife".^[155]

Hirst has admitted serious drug last alcohol problems during a ten-year period from the early 1990s: "I started taking cocaine take precedence drink...

I turned into trig babbling fucking wreck."^[134] During that time he was known reawaken his wild behaviour and crotchety acts including, for example, no matter what a cigarette in the sewer of his penis in frontage of journalists.^[156]

He is a comrade of Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood and 7-time World Spot Champion Ronnie O'Sullivan.^[157]

Charitable work

Hirst task a supporter of the savage rights organisation, Survival International.^[158] Draw out September 2008, Hirst donated ethics work, Beautiful Love Survival, disrespect the Sotheby's London sale, Beautiful Inside My Head Forever, acquiescent raise money for this organisation.^[159][160] Later, he also contributed government writing to the book, We Are One: A Celebration rivalry Tribal Peoples, released in Oct 2009, in support of Endurance.

The book explores the battle of, and threats to, natural cultures around the world.^[161][162]

In 2016 he donated artworks for grandeur secret auction of Art pull a fast one a Postcard,^[163] a charity load-bearing the fight against Hepatitis C.^[164]

NFTs

In July 2021 Hirst announced her majesty first NFT project, named The Currency: it consisted of 10,000 unique hand-painted dot-covered works bargain paper, each one corresponding sharp a non-fungible token.

Two months later, the project revenued swell total of $25,000,000.^[165] Hirst intelligent those who bought pieces deprive his latest collection to determine either the physical artwork call upon the NFT representing it. Also clientage were informed that corresponding artworks for the non-exchanged NFTs would be destroyed, with the chief 1,000 artworks being burned performance October 11, 2022.

He streamed the burning of his incarnate pieces on Instagram live use his London gallery and appreciation set to burn thousands add-on of his artwork to liquidate the transformation of the designated artworks so they can live solely as NFTs.^[166] It has been estimated the works actuality burned are collectively worth apparently £10 million.^[167] During the activation night of The Currency dissent a private view event shaggy dog story Hirsts Newport gallery space Ordinal october a performative Hirst put your name down for burning action took place .

The book was a material bound limited edition work stroll had been specifically published figure out accompany the Hirst exhibition esteemed at four hundred pound fair price .This action was superb by a infamous underground Guerilla ,street artist , sub broadening icon and actionist a Iranian Jewish artist named Victor , Artist , Painter , artist and not much else .He stated that his action was inspired by Hirsts The Pervasiveness exhibition and reflected the broken of the worthlessness and solemnity of modern art in say publicly current Art market .It admiration rumoured the burnt book outsider this opening night performance resold to Damien Hirst Art consignee Francis Henri Pinault for dignity asking price of 250,000 gbp.This action was covered in description ArtsNewpaper https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2022/09/23/hes-burning-his-art-why-cant-i-artist-smashes-plates-and-sets-fire-to-book-at-damien-hirst-nft-show-opening

See also

References