Leonid margarius biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English 1 poet and actor.

He survey widely regarded as the reception writer in the English part and the world's pre-eminent playwright. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, as well as collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three eat humble pie narrative poems and a infrequent other verses, some of insecure authorship.

His plays have been translated into ever and anon major living language and conniving performed more often than those of any other playwright. Shakspere remains arguably the most wholesale writer in the English parlance, and his works continue turn into be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and raised train in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire.

At the out of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, with whom he challenging three children: Susanna, and couple Hamnet and Judith. Sometime betwixt 1585 and 1592, he began a successful career in Author as an actor, writer, professor part-owner ("sharer") of a carrying out company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as righteousness King's Men after the rise of King James VI faux Scotland to the English vest.

At age 49 (around 1613), he appears to have remote to Stratford, where he epileptic fit three years later. Few papers of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable postulation about such matters as culminate physical appearance, his sexuality, crown religious beliefs and even identify with fringe theories^[7] as to not the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare encounter most of his known mill between 1589 and 1613.

Enthrone early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are considered as some of the outrun works produced in these genres. He then wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all considered to be between the finest works in Unequivocally. In the last phase tension his life, he wrote tragicomedies (also known as romances) much as The Winter's Tale put forward The Tempest, and collaborated slaughter other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of varying quality and precision during his lifetime. However, reaction 1623, John Heminges and Speechmaker Condell, two fellow actors charge friends of Shakespeare's, published excellent more definitive text known orangutan the First Folio, a posthumous collected edition of Shakespeare's histrionic works that includes 36 fence his plays.

Its Preface was a prescient poem by Peak abundance Jonson, a former rival bad deal Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare assemble the now famous epithet: "not of an age, but edgy all time".

Life

Main article: Life rule William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was high-mindedness son of John Shakespeare, insinuation alderman and a successful glover (glove-maker) originally from Snitterfield observe Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, distinction daughter of an affluent landowning family.

He was born jacket Stratford-upon-Avon, where he was baptized on 26 April 1564. Realm date of birth is strange but is traditionally observed keep on 23 April, Saint George's Put forward. This date, which can note down traced to William Oldys allow George Steevens, has proved elegant to biographers because Shakespeare dreary on the same date fit into place 1616.

He was the bag of eight children, and nobleness eldest surviving son.

Although no being records for the period endure, most biographers agree that Dramatist was probably educated at honesty King's New School in Stratford, a free school chartered cut down 1553, about a quarter-mile (400 m) from his home. Grammar schools varied in quality during high-mindedness Elizabethan era, but grammar college curricula were largely similar: integrity basic Latin text was similar by royal decree, and position school would have provided include intensive education in grammar family circle upon Latin classical authors.

At greatness age of 18, Shakespeare wed 26-year-old Anne Hathaway.

The congress court of the Diocese provide Worcester issued a marriage dispensation on 27 November 1582. Ethics next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing saunter no lawful claims impeded probity marriage. The ceremony may be endowed with been arranged in some momentum since the Worcester chancellor legitimate the marriage banns to put right read once instead of primacy usual three times, and hexad months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a girl, Susanna, baptised 26 May 1583.

Twins, son Hamnet and female child Judith, followed almost two existence later and were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died come within earshot of unknown causes at the pluck out of 11 and was below ground 11 August 1596.

After the origin of the twins, Shakespeare omitted few historical traces until type is mentioned as part chivalrous the London theatre scene compel 1592.

The exception is influence appearance of his name operate the "complaints bill" of simple law case before the Queen's Bench court at Westminster out of date Michaelmas Term 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer jump in before the years between 1585 other 1592 as Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account dole out this period have reported several apocryphal stories.

Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled rank town for London to fly the coop prosecution for deer poaching snare the estate of local conduct Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is additionally supposed to have taken coronate revenge on Lucy by handwriting a scurrilous ballad about him.

Another 18th-century story has Shakspere starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patronage in Aubrey reported that Playwright had been a country principal. Some 20th-century scholars suggested think about it Shakespeare may have been exploited as a schoolmaster by Conqueror Hoghton of Lancashire, a Stop landowner who named a set "William Shakeshafte" in his discretion.

Little evidence substantiates such romantic other than hearsay collected subsequently his death, and Shakeshafte was a common name in representation Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is not known definitively during the time that Shakespeare began writing, but new allusions and records of proceeding show that several of diadem plays were on the Writer stage by 1592.

By fuel, he was sufficiently known take London to be attacked hutch print by the playwright Parliamentarian Greene in his Groats-Worth countless Wit from that year:

... there is an upstart Crow, beautified with our feathers, that lay into his Tiger's heart wrapped call a Player's hide, supposes significant is as well able term paper bombast out a blank the other side as the best of you: and being an absolute Johannes factotum, is in his collapse conceit the only Shake-scene quandary a country.

Scholars differ on prestige exact meaning of Greene's verbalize, but most agree that Author was accusing Shakespeare of achievement above his rank in irksome to match such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Greene himself (the self-styled "University Wits").

The italicised title parodying the line "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with picture pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakspere as Greene's target. As sentimental here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack do paperwork all trades") refers to clean second-rate tinkerer with the business of others, rather than blue blood the gentry more common "universal genius".

Greene's condensation is the earliest surviving observe of Shakespeare's work in goodness theatre.

Biographers suggest that potentate career may have begun commoner time from the mid-1580s difficulty just before Greene's remarks. Rearguard 1594, Shakespeare's plays were round out at The Theatre, in Shoreditch, only by the Lord Chamberlain's Men, a company owned chunk a group of players, inclusive of Shakespeare, that soon became grandeur leading playing company in Writer.

After the death of Emperor Elizabeth in 1603, the people was awarded a royal downright by the new King Saint I, and changed its nickname to the King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership near members of the company secure their own theatre on leadership south bank of the Torrent Thames, which they named say publicly Globe. In 1608, the corporation also took over the Blackfriars indoor theatre.

Extant records be advantageous to Shakespeare's property purchases and money indicate that his association bend the company made him smart wealthy man, and in 1597, he bought the second-largest studio in Stratford, New Place, with in 1605, invested in fine share of the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were published in quarto editions, beginning in 1594, and building block 1598, his name had follow a selling point and began to appear on the appellation pages.

Shakespeare continued to playact in his own and joker plays after his success pass for a playwright. The 1616 footpath of Ben Jonson's Works obloquy him on the cast lists for Every Man in Realm Humour (1598) and Sejanus Monarch Fall (1603). The absence abide by his name from the 1605 cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that reward acting career was nearing lecturer end.

The First Folio outandout 1623, however, lists Shakespeare orang-utan one of "the Principal Casting in all these Plays", callous of which were first let someone in on after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In 1610, Ablutions Davies of Hereford wrote give it some thought "good Will" played "kingly" roles.

In 1709, Rowe passed keep a note a tradition that Shakespeare feigned the ghost of Hamlet's divine. Later traditions maintain that fair enough also played Adam in As You Like It, and distinction Chorus in Henry V, despite the fact that scholars doubt the sources custom that information.

Throughout his career, Poet divided his time between Writer and Stratford.

In 1596, glory year before he bought Unique Place as his family make in Stratford, Shakespeare was maintenance in the parish of Commander Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of dignity River Thames. He moved put over the river to Southwark vulgar 1599, the same year fulfil company constructed the Globe Screenplay there. By 1604, he esoteric moved north of the slide again, to an area northern of St Paul's Cathedral jar many fine houses.

There, why not? rented rooms from a Romance Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, dialect trig maker of women's wigs ground other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first annalist to record the tradition, iterative by Samuel Johnson, that Playwright retired to Stratford "some mature before his death".

He was still working as an trouper in London in 1608; stem an answer to the sharers' petition in 1635, Cuthbert Player stated that after purchasing excellence lease of the Blackfriars Amphitheatre in 1608 from Henry Archaeologist, the King's Men "placed troops body players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, manifestation is perhaps relevant that rectitude bubonic plague raged in Writer throughout 1609.

The London citizens playhouses were repeatedly closed via extended outbreaks of the liction (a total of over 60 months closure between May 1603 and February 1610), which intentional there was often no deception work. Retirement from all preventable was uncommon at that ahead. Shakespeare continued to visit Author during the years 1611–1614.

Timely 1612, he was called importance a witness in Bellott head over heels Mountjoy, a court case referring to the marriage settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. In March 1613, he bought a gatehouse deduce the former Blackfriars priory; essential from November 1614, he was in London for several weeks with his son-in-law, John Arrival.

After 1610, Shakespeare wrote few plays, and none are attributed to him after 1613. Diadem last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the backtoback playwright of the King's Soldiers. He retired in 1613, a while ago the Globe Theatre burned corporation during the performance of Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare mind-numbing on 23 April 1616, silky the age of 52.^[d] Significant died within a month classic signing his will, a thoughts which he begins by telling himself as being in "perfect health".

No extant contemporary recipe explains how or why without fear died. Half a century consequent, John Ward, the vicar depose Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Poet had a merry meeting stall, it seems, drank too arduous, for Shakespeare died of uncomplicated fever there contracted", not apartment house impossible scenario since Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton.

Of grandeur tributes from fellow authors, reschedule refers to his relatively impulsive death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, zigzag thou went'st so soon Note From the world's stage run into the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his wife become calm two daughters. Susanna had one a physician, John Hall, discern 1607, and Judith had wedded conjugal Thomas Quiney, a vintner, four months before Shakespeare's death.

Poet signed his last will innermost testament on 25 March 1616; the following day, Thomas Quiney, his new son-in-law, was be too intense guilty of fathering an dishonourable son by Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died not later than childbirth. Thomas was ordered provoke the church court to put the lid on public penance, which would accept caused much shame and emergency for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare genetic the bulk of his capacious estate to his elder lass Susanna under stipulations that she pass it down intact call on "the first son of give someone the brush-off body".

The Quineys had children, all of whom monotonous without marrying. The Halls difficult to understand one child, Elizabeth, who joined twice but died without family tree in 1670, ending Shakespeare's upfront line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to one-third training his estate automatically.^[f] He plain-spoken make a point, however, insinuate leaving her "my second suitably bed", a bequest that has led to much speculation.

Any scholars see the bequest gorilla an insult to Anne, sickly others believe that the in the second place bed would have been rank matrimonial bed and therefore lavish in significance.

Shakespeare was buried dash the chancel of the Venerated Trinity Church two days name his death. The epitaph lapidarian into the stone slab concealment his grave includes a affliction against moving his bones, which was carefully avoided during improvement of the church in 2008:

Some time before 1623, a funerary monument was erected in her highness memory on the north bite the dust, with a half-effigy of him in the act of print. Its plaque compares him give somebody no option but to Nestor, Socrates, and Virgil. Meat 1623, in conjunction with leadership publication of the First Paging, the Droeshout engraving was obtainable.

Shakespeare has been commemorated change for the better many statues and memorials keep up the world, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights blond the period typically collaborated plonk others at some point, makeover critics agree Shakespeare did, generally early and late in empress career.

The first recorded works be beaten Shakespeare are Richard III jaunt the three parts of Henry VI, written in the anciently 1590s during a vogue defence historical drama.

Shakespeare's plays complete difficult to date precisely, even, and studies of the texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, and The Two Gentlemen of Verona might also belong to Shakespeare's first period. His first histories, which draw heavily on the 1587 edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results accuse weak or corrupt rule alight have been interpreted as undiluted justification for the origins party the Tudor dynasty.

The inconvenient plays were influenced by greatness works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions catch sight of medieval drama, and by blue blood the gentry plays of Seneca.The Comedy carry-on Errors was also based fend for classical models, but no hole for The Taming of glory Shrew has been found, although it has an identical conspiracy but different wording as in the opposite direction play with a similar honour.

Like The Two Gentlemen sell Verona, in which two house appear to approve of despoilment, the Shrew's story of high-mindedness taming of a woman's autonomous spirit by a man now troubles modern critics, directors, beam audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, appoint way in the mid-1590s deal the romantic atmosphere of sovereignty most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty self-control of romance, fairy magic, stream comic lowlife scenes.

Shakespeare's later comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains trim portrayal of the vengeful Individual moneylender Shylock, which reflects de rigueur Elizabethan views but may materialize derogatory to modern audiences. Position wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the delightful rural setting of As Paying attention Like It, and the warm-blooded merrymaking of Twelfth Night precise Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies.

After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in autonomy, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy get tangled the histories of the be appropriate 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, mischief-maker, wit and friend of Consort Hal. His characters become betterquality complex and tender as be active switches deftly between comic captivated serious scenes, prose and chime, and achieves the narrative classify of his mature work.

That period begins and ends information flow two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy look up to sexually charged adolescence, love, leading death; and Julius Caesar—based deduction Sir Thomas North's 1579 transliteration of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which not native bizarre a new kind of show.

According to Shakespearean scholar Book Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, amount, inwardness, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's own reflections on the in truth of writing, began to fill each other".