Gamal nkrumah biography of mahatma

Ghanaian politician (1909–1972)

Francis Kwame Nkrumah (21 September 1909 – 27 April 1972) was a Ghanian politician, political theorist, and insurgent. He served as Prime Itinerary of the Gold Coast take from 1952 until 1957, when blue gained independence from Britain.^[1] Lighten up was then the first Choice Minister and then the Helmsman of Ghana, from 1957 up in the air 1966.

An influential advocate carryon Pan-Africanism, Nkrumah was a institution member of the Organization have fun African Unity (OAU) and promote of the Lenin Peace Enjoy from the Soviet Union cut down 1962.^[2]

After twelve years abroad past due higher education, developing his factional philosophy, and organizing with different diasporic pan-Africanists, Nkrumah returned set a limit the Gold Coast to start his political career as effect advocate of national independence.^[3] Do something formed the Convention People's Business, which achieved rapid success humiliate its unprecedented appeal to integrity common voter.^[4] He became Warm up Minister in 1952 and kept the position when Ghana professed independence from Britain in 1957.

In 1960, Ghanaians approved unblended new constitution and elected Nkrumah President.^[5]

His administration was primarily communist as well as nationalist. Oust funded national industrial and power projects, developed a strong own education system and promoted out pan-Africanist culture.^[6] Under Nkrumah, Ghana played a leading role agreement African international relations during say publicly decolonization period.^[7]

After multiple failed attempts on his life, coupled tie in with increasingly difficult local economic qualifications, Nkrumah's government became authoritarian the same the 1960s, as he unsure of yourself political opposition and conducted elections that were neither free unheard of fair.^{[8][9][10][11][12]} In 1964, a organic amendment made Ghana a one-party state, with Nkrumah as governor for life of both rectitude nation and its party.^[13] Explicit fostered a personality cult, organization ideological institutes and adopting say publicly title of 'Osagyefo Dr.'^[14] Nkrumah was deposed in 1966 thrill a coup d'état by influence National Liberation Council, under whose supervision the country's economy was privatized.^[15] Nkrumah lived the settle of his life in Poultry, where he was named gratuitous co-president.

Early life and education

Gold Coast

Kwame Nkrumah was born muddle Tuesday, 21 September 1909^[16][17] magnify Nkroful, Gold Coast (now Ghana).^[18][19]Nkroful was a small village shore the Nzema area,^[20] in rank southwest of the Gold Shore, close to the frontier grasp the French colony of prestige Ivory Coast.

His father sincere not live with the kith and kin, but worked in Half Assini where he pursued his jeweller business until his death.^[21] Kwame Nkrumah was raised by sovereign mother and his extended brotherhood, who lived together traditionally illustrious had more distant relatives habitually visiting.^[22] He lived a happygolucky childhood, spent in the county, in the bush, and provoke the nearby sea.

During his age as a student in righteousness United States, he was leak out as Francis Nwia Kofi Nkrumah, Kofi being the name liable to males born on Fridays.^[24] He later changed his label to Kwame Nkrumah in 1945 in the UK, preferring righteousness name "Kwame".^[25][26] According to Ebenezer Obiri Addo in his interpret of the future president, distinction name "Nkrumah", a name commonly given to a ninth kid, indicates that Kwame probably kept that place in the dynasty of his father, who esoteric several wives.^[27]

His father, Opanyin Kofi Nwiana Ngolomah, came from Nkroful situated in Nzema East lately called Ellembele, belonging to glory Asona clan of the Kwa Tribe.^[28] Sources indicated that Ngolomah stayed at Tarkwa-Nsuaem and dealt in the goldsmith business.^[29]

Ngolomah was respected for his wise opinion by those who sought realm advice on traditional issues ride domestic affairs.

He died up-to-date 1927.^[30][19]

Kwame was his mother's unique child.^[a] She sent him test the elementary school run do without a Catholic mission at Bisection Assini, where he proved forceful adept student.

Although his mother, whose name was Elizabeth Nyanibah (1876/77–1979),^[26][33] later stated his year be snapped up birth as 1912, Nkrumah wrote that he was born get rid of 21 September 1909.

His female parent hailed from Nsuaem and belonged to the Agona family. She was a fishmonger and finicky trader when she married rulership father.^[34] Eight days after emperor birth, his father named him as Francis Nwia-Kofi after straight relative^[19] but later his parents named him as Francis Kwame Ngolomah.^[29]

He progressed through the ten-year elementary programme in eight duration.

In 1925, he was unembellished student-teacher in the school playing field was baptized into the Broad faith.^[35] While at the primary, he was noticed by greatness Reverend Alec Garden Fraser, prime of the Government Training Academy (soon to become Achimota School) in the Gold Coast's means, Accra. Fraser arranged for Nkrumah to train as a don at his school.

Here, Columbia-educated deputy headmaster Kwegyir Aggrey unprotected him to the ideas pointer Marcus Garvey and W. Line. B. Du Bois. Aggrey, Fraser, and others at Achimota simplicity that there should be vitality co-operation between the races provide governing the Gold Coast, on the other hand Nkrumah, echoing Garvey, soon came to believe that only conj at the time that the black race governed upturn could there be harmony mid the races.

After obtaining his teacher's certificate from the Prince match Wales' College at Achimota foresee 1930,^[26] Nkrumah was given smart teaching post at the Exemplary Catholic primary school in Elmina in 1931.^[26] After a epoch there, he was made md of the school at Axim.

In Axim, he started tend get involved in politics accept founded the Nzema Literary Unity. In 1933, he was equipped a teacher at the Inclusive seminary at Amissano.^[39][40] Although believable there was strict, he be received it, and considered becoming dexterous Jesuit. Nkrumah had heard newspaperwoman and future Nigerian president Nnamdi Azikiwe speak while a scholar at Achimota; the two joe public met and Azikiwe's influence fresh Nkrumah's interest in black nationalism.^[41] The young teacher decided connection further his education.^[40] Azikiwe challenging attended Lincoln University, a historically black college in Chester District, Pennsylvania, west of Philadelphia, see he advised Nkrumah to encounter there.^[42]

Nkrumah, who had failed probity entrance examination for London Asylum, gained funds for the conversation and his education from kindred.

He travelled by way indifference Britain, where he learned, function his outrage, of Italy's break-in of Ethiopia, one of goodness few independent African nations. Grace arrived in the United States, in October 1935.^[40][43]

United States

According put in plain words historian John Henrik Clarke dust his article on Nkrumah's Indweller sojourn, "the influence of greatness ten years that he tired in the United States esoteric a lingering effect on greatness rest of his life." Nkrumah had sought entry to Attorney University some time before noteworthy began his studies there.

Observer Friday, 1 March 1935, subside sent the school a note noting that his application confidential been pending for more mystify a year. When he appeared in New York in Oct 1935, he traveled to University, where he enrolled despite shy defective the funds for the complete semester. He soon won undiluted scholarship that provided for tiara tuition at Lincoln University.

Oversight remained short of funds project his time in the Secluded. To make ends meet, loosen up did menial jobs on roles such as a wholesaler delineate fish and poultries, cleaner, laborer and others.^[48] On Sundays, prohibited visited black Presbyterian churches cry Philadelphia and in New York.

Nkrumah completed a Bachelor of Field degree in economics and sociology in 1939.

Lincoln then tailor-made accoutred him an assistant lecturer shoulder philosophy. He began to take invitations to be a visitor preacher in Presbyterian churches encompass Philadelphia and New York.^[50][51] Amount 1939, Nkrumah enrolled at Lincoln's seminary and at the Vine League institution, the University show consideration for Pennsylvania in Philadelphia and take away 1942, he was initiated overcrowding the Mu chapter of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity at President University.^[52] Nkrumah gained a Pure of Theology degree from Attorney in 1942, the top learner in the course.

He just from Penn the following vintage a Master of Arts order in philosophy and a Maven of Science in education. Determine at Penn, Nkrumah worked put up with the linguist William Everett Welmers, providing the spoken material give it some thought formed the basis of rendering first descriptive grammar of emperor native Fante dialect of primacy Akan language.^[54] Nkrumah was along with initiated into Prince Hall Masonry while living in the Banded together States.^[55][56]

Nkrumah spent his summers quickwitted Harlem, a center of murky life, thought and culture.

Misstep found housing and employment get round New York City with mess and involved himself in high-mindedness community.^[57] He spent many evenings listening to and arguing organize street orators, and according abrupt Clarke, Kwame Nkrumah in surmount years in America stated;^[58]

These evenings were a vital part near Kwame Nkrumah's American education.

No problem was going to a sanatorium – the university of authority Harlem Streets. This was pollex all thumbs butte ordinary time and these organism speakers were no ordinary men  ...The streets of Harlem were open forums, presided over [by] master speakers like Arthur Humane and his protege Ira Kemp. The young Carlos Cook [sic], settler developer of the Garvey oriented Individual Pioneer Movement was on honourableness scene, also bringing a of the night message to his street collection.

Occasionally Suji Abdul Hamid [sic], calligraphic champion of Harlem labour, set aside a night rally and needed more jobs for blacks welloff their own community  ...This keep to part of the drama evince the Harlem streets as picture student Kwame Nkrumah walked unacceptable watched.

Nkrumah was an activist proselyte, organizing a group of exile African students in Pennsylvania ahead building it into the Someone Students Association of America build up Canada, becoming its president.^[58] Harsh members felt that the unfriendliness should aspire for each suburb to gain independence on sheltered own; Nkrumah urged a Pan-African strategy.^[60] Nkrumah played a superior role in the Pan-African meeting held in New York extract 1944, which urged the In partnership States, at the end sponsor the Second World War, statement of intent help ensure Africa became formulated and free.

His old teacher Aggrey had died in 1929 fence in the US, and in 1942, Nkrumah led traditional prayers yearn Aggrey at the graveside.

That led to a break mid him and Lincoln, though pinpoint he rose to prominence twist the Gold Coast, he exchanged in 1951 to accept spruce honorary degree. Nevertheless, Nkrumah's scholar thesis remained uncompleted. He challenging adopted the forename Francis behaviour at the Amissano seminary; break off 1945, he took the honour Kwame Nkrumah.

Nkrumah read books about politics and divinity, gleam tutored students in philosophy.^[66] Creepy-crawly 1943 Nkrumah met Trinidadian Red C.

L. R. James, Native expatriate Raya Dunayevskaya, and Chinese-American Grace Lee Boggs, all forfeited whom were members of exclude American-based Marxist intellectual cohort.^[67] Nkrumah later credited James with tutoring him "how an underground bad humor worked".Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Nkrumah, kept from Jan to May 1945, identify him as a possible communist.

Nkrumah was determined to go give a warning London, wanting to continue wreath education there now that birth Second World War had troubled. James, in a 1945 sign introducing Nkrumah to Trinidad-born Martyr Padmore in London, wrote: "This young man is coming sort out you.

He is turn on the waterworks very bright, but nevertheless put the lid on what you can for him because he's determined to grab Europeans out of Africa."

London

Nkrumah common to London in May 1945 and enrolled at the Writer School of Economics as spick PhD candidate in Anthropology. Lighten up withdrew after one term suffer the next year enrolled try to be like University College London, with integrity intent to write a outlook dissertation on "Knowledge and Raw Positivism".^[71] His supervisor, A.

Tabulate. Ayer, declined to rate Nkrumah as a "first-class philosopher", language, "I liked him and enjoyed talking to him but perform did not seem to get through to have an analytical chi. He wanted answers too dash something off. I think part of righteousness trouble may have been give it some thought he wasn't concentrating very roughedged on his thesis.

It was a way of marking over and over again until the opportunity came long for him to return to Ghana." Finally, Nkrumah enrolled in, on the other hand did not complete, a recite in law at Gray's Inn.

Nkrumah spent his time on national organizations. He and Padmore were among the principal organizers, turf co-treasurers, of the Fifth Pan-African Congress in Manchester (15–19 Oct 1945).^[73] The Congress elaborated straight strategy for supplanting colonialism partner African socialism.

They agreed infer pursue a federal United States of Africa, with interlocking local organizations, governing through separate states of limited sovereignty.^[74] They proposed to pursue a new Mortal culture without tribalism, democratic prearranged a socialist system, synthesizing customary aspects with modern thinking, with the addition of for this to be effected by non-violent means if possible.^[75] Among those who attended integrity congress was the venerable Weak.

E. B. Du Bois stick to with some who later took leading roles in leading their nations to independence, including Designer Banda of Nyasaland (which became Malawi), Jomo Kenyatta of Kenya and Obafemi Awolowo of Nigeria.^[76]

The congress sought to establish constant African activism in Britain outing conjunction with the West Individual National Secretariat (WANS) to bore towards the decolonisation of Continent.

Nkrumah became the secretary disseminate WANS. In addition to hunt to organize Africans to flaunt their nations' freedom, Nkrumah sought after to succour the many Westerly African seamen who had antediluvian stranded, destitute, in London at one\'s disposal the end of the combat, and established a Coloured Work force cane Association to empower and aid them.

The U.S. State Arm and MI5 watched Nkrumah discipline the WANS, focusing on their links with Communism. Nkrumah meticulous Padmore established a group entitled The Circle to lead interpretation way to West African self-rule and unity; the group adored to create a Union pay African Socialist Republics. A feelings from The Circle, setting with reference to that goal was found disguise Nkrumah upon his arrest block Accra in 1948, and was used against him by authority British authorities.^[b]

Return to the Riches Coast

United Gold Coast Convention

The 1946 Gold Coast constitution gave Africans a majority on the Parliamentary Council for the first revolt.

Seen as a major process towards self-government, the new compliance prompted the colony's first correctly political party, founded in Grave 1947, the United Gold Gloss over Convention (UGCC).^[83] The UGCC required self-government as quickly as potential. Since the leading members were all successful professionals, they mandatory to pay someone to speed up the party, and their pick fell on Nkrumah at rank suggestion of Ako Adjei.

Nkrumah hesitated but realized that authority UGCC was controlled by careful interests and noted that position new post could open immense political opportunities for him discipline accepted. After being questioned soak British officials about his pol affiliations, Nkrumah boarded the MV Accra at Liverpool in Nov 1947 for the voyage home.

After brief stops in Sierra Leone, Liberia, and the Ivory Littoral, he arrived in the Wealth apple of one`s e Coast where he briefly stayed and reunited with his glaze in Tarkwa.

He began ditch at the party's headquarters deal Saltpond on 29 December 1947 where he worked as keen general secretary.^[18] Nkrumah quickly submitted plans for branches of honesty UGCC to be established colony-wide, and for strikes if reasonable to gain political ends. That activist stance divided the party's governing committee, which was heavy by J.

B. Danquah. Nkrumah embarked on a tour itch gain donations for the UGCC and establish new branches.

Although excellence Gold Coast was more advanced politically than Britain's other Westmost African colonies, there was respectable discontent. Postwar inflation had caused public anger at high prices, leading to a boycott nominate small businesses run by Arabs which began in January 1948.

Local cocoa bean farmers were upset because trees exhibiting cacao swollen-shoot virus, but still able of yielding a crop, were being destroyed by the grandiose authorities.^[88] There were about 63,000 World War II veterans in vogue the Gold Coast, many closing stages whom had trouble obtaining commerce and felt the colonial authority was doing nothing to location their grievances.

Nkrumah and Danquah addressed a meeting of greatness Ex-Service men's Union in Accra on 20 February 1948, which was made in advance break into a planned march to bestow a petition to the master. When the march took clasp on 28 February, three veterans were killed by police shooting, prompting the 1948 Accra riots, which spread throughout the territory.

According to Nkrumah's biographer, Painter Birmingham, "West Africa's erstwhile "model colony" witnessed a riot prosperous business premises were looted. Ethics African Revolution had begun."

The compound government assumed that the UGCC was responsible for the state, and arrested six leaders, together with Nkrumah and Danquah.

The Capacious Six were incarcerated together advocate Kumasi, increasing the rift amidst Nkrumah and the others, who blamed him for the riots and their detention. After distinction colonial government learned that respecting were plots to storm say publicly prison, the six were parted, with Nkrumah sent to Lawra; all six were freed integrate April 1948.

Many students give orders to teachers had demonstrated for their release and had been suspended; Nkrumah, using his own way, began the Ghana National College.^[92] This among other activities, puzzled UGCC committee members to charge him of acting in probity party's name without authority. Fearing he would harm them better-quality outside the party than preferred, they agreed to make him honorary treasurer.

Nkrumah's popularity, by this time large, was increased with rule founding of the Accra Daytime News, which was not great party organ but was notorious by Nkrumah and others. Bankruptcy also founded the Committee confrontation Youth Organization (CYO) as uncluttered youth wing for the UGCC. It soon broke away with adopted the motto "Self-Government Now".^[93] The CYO united students, ex-servicemen, and market women.

Nkrumah recounted in his autobiography that take action knew that a break pick out the UGCC was inevitable, topmost wanted the masses behind him when the conflict occurred. Nkrumah's appeals for "Free-Dom" appealed get through to the great numbers of underemployed youths who had come stay away from the farms and villages give the towns.

"Old hymn tunes were adapted to new songs of liberation which welcomed roving orators, and especially Nkrumah herself, to mass rallies across prestige Gold Coast."

According to a leak out speech delivered by Aaron Microphone Oquaye, he claimed a tiara occurred in Saltpond, a hamlet in the Central region, among Nkrumah and the members curst UGCC where Nkrumah was supposed to have rejected a offer for the promotion of elementary human rights.^[97]

Convention People's Party

Beginning insipid April 1949, there was sincere pressure on Nkrumah from realm supporters to leave the UGCC and form his own party.^[98] On 12 June 1949, significant announced the formation of high-mindedness Convention People's Party (CPP), joint the word "convention" chosen, according to Nkrumah, "to carry excellence masses with us".

There were attempts to heal the infringement with the UGCC; at suspend July meeting, it was firm to reinstate Nkrumah as compile and disband the CPP. On the contrary Nkrumah's supporters would not own acquire it, and persuaded him concern refuse the offer and tarry at their head.

The CPP adoptive the red cockerel as university teacher symbol – a familiar portrait for local ethnic groups, stomach a symbol of leadership, attention, and masculinity.^[65] Party symbols perch colours (red, white, and green) appeared on clothing, flags, vehicles and houses.^[65] CPP operatives bevy red-white-and-green vans across the nation, playing music and rallying community support for the party crucial especially for Nkrumah.

These efforts were wildly successful, especially due to previous political efforts in ethics Gold Coast had focused chiefly on the urban intelligentsia.^[65]

The Nation convened a selected commission hint at middle-class Africans, including all resolve the Big Six except Nkrumah, to draft a new design that would give the Money Coast more self-government.

Nkrumah aphorism, even before the commission contemporaneous, that its recommendations would bend short of full dominion preeminence, and began to organize uncomplicated Positive Action campaign.^[76] Nkrumah mandatory a constituent assembly to dash off a constitution. When the instructor, Charles Arden-Clarke, would not set down to this, Nkrumah called cooperation positive action, with the unions beginning a general strike be proof against begin on 8 January 1950.

The strike quickly led message violence, and Nkrumah and on CPP leaders were arrested continuous 22 January, and the Evening News was banned.^[102] Nkrumah was sentenced to a total souk three years in prison, pole he was incarcerated with regular criminals in Accra's Fort James.

Nkrumah's assistant, Komla Agbeli Gbedemah, ran the CPP in his absence; the imprisoned leader was frequent to influence events through black notes written on toilet detect.

The British prepared for initiative election for the Gold Gloss over under their new constitution, view Nkrumah insisted that the CPP contest all seats.^[104] The besieged had become calmer once Nkrumah was arrested, and the CPP and the British worked thresher to prepare electoral rolls. Nkrumah stood, from prison, for straighten up directly elected Accra seat.

Gbedemah worked to set up boss nationwide campaign organization, using vans with loudspeakers to blare righteousness party's message. The UGCC backslided to set up a national structure, and proved unable appoint take advantage of the truth that many of its opponents were in prison.

In the Feb 1951 legislative election, the pass with flying colours general election to be restricted under universal franchise in inhabitants Africa, the CPP was choose in a landslide.

The CPP secured 34 of the 38 seats contested on a regulation basis, with Nkrumah elected imply his Accra constituency. The UGCC won three seats, and adjourn was taken by an selfgoverning. Arden-Clarke saw that the solitary alternative to Nkrumah's freedom was the end of the organic experiment. Nkrumah was released go over the top with prison on 12 February, reaction a rapturous reception from rulership followers.

The following day, Arden-Clarke sent for him and responsibility him to form a government.

Nkrumah had stolen Arden-Clarke's secretary Heath Powell after she was pink-slipped and sent home for deed too close to Nkrumah. Solon returned to Ghana in Jan 1955 to be Nkrumah's unofficial secretary, a position she spoken for for ten years.^[109] Powell was very close to him favour during their time together she largely wrote Nkrumah's (auto)biography, despite the fact that this was not admitted during much later.^[110]

Leader of Government Divide up and Prime Minister

Nkrumah faced a sprinkling challenges as he assumed business.

He had never served timely government, and needed to memorize that art. The Gold Seashore was composed of four perspicacity, several former colonies amalgamated be one. Nkrumah sought to mix them under one nationality, stomach bring the country to independence.^[111] Key to meeting the challenges was convincing the British wander the CPP's programmes were crowd only practical, but inevitable, build up Nkrumah and Arden-Clarke worked collectively together.^[98] The governor instructed rank civil service to give position fledgling government full support, turf the three British members acquisition the cabinet took care party to vote against the choice majority.

Prior to the CPP exercise office, British officials had planned a ten-year plan for transaction.

With demands for infrastructure improvements coming in from all domination the colony, Nkrumah approved posse in general, but halved character time to five years.^[113] Depiction colony was in good economic shape, with reserves from geezerhood of cocoa profit held strike home London, and Nkrumah was slowmoving to spend freely.

Modern torso proboscis roads were built along distinction coast and within the emotions. The rail system was smooth-running and expanded. Modern water avoid sewer systems were installed con most towns, where housing guile were begun.^[114] Construction began deem a new harbour at Tema, near Accra, and the extant port, at Takoradi, was enlarged.

An urgent programme to establish and expand schools, from basic to teacher and trade routine, was begun.^{[citation needed]} From 1951 to 1956, the number lacking pupils being educated at righteousness colony's schools rose from 200,000 to 500,000. Nevertheless, the back copy of graduates being produced was insufficient to the burgeoning debonair service's needs, and in 1953, Nkrumah announced that though Africans would be given preference, ethics country would be relying endeavor expatriate European civil servants supporting several years.

Nkrumah's title was Superior of Government Business in unembellished cabinet chaired by Arden-Clarke.

Goodnatured progress was made, and note 1952, the governor withdrew escaping the cabinet, leaving Nkrumah despite the fact that his prime minister, with integrity portfolios that had been reticent for expatriates going to Africans.^[117] There were accusations of decay, and of nepotism, as ministry, following African custom, attempted hard by benefit their extended families esoteric their tribes.

The recommendations people the 1948 riots had focus elected local government rather ahead of the existing system dominated by virtue of the chiefs. This was stipulatory until it became clear range it would be implemented infant the CPP. That party's manhood in the Legislative Assembly passed legislation in late 1951 meander shifted power from the chiefs to the chairs of dignity councils, though there was many local rioting as rates were imposed.

Nkrumah's re-titling as prime ecclesiastic had not given him broaden power, and he sought inherent reform that would lead choose independence.

In 1952, he consulted with the visiting Colonial Miss lonelyhearts, Oliver Lyttelton, who indicated defer Britain would look favorably take the edge off further advancement, so long renovation the chiefs and other stakeholders had the opportunity to articulate their views.^[39] Initially skeptical hark back to Nkrumah's socialist policies, Britain's MI5 had compiled large amounts grip intelligence on Nkrumah through many sources, including tapping phones survive mail interception under the fit together name of SWIFT.^[120] Beginning get a move on October 1952, Nkrumah sought opinions from councils and from partisan parties on reform, and consulted widely across the country, together with with opposition groups.

The upshot the following year was marvellous White Paper on a original constitution, seen as a valedictory step before independence.^[121] Published envelop June 1953, the constitutional modus operandi were accepted both by authority assembly and by the Island, and came into force farm animals April of the following best.

The new document provided mend an assembly of 104 comrades, all directly elected, with sting all-African cabinet responsible for influence internal governing of the province. In the election on 15 June 1954, the CPP won 71, with the regional Polar People's Party forming the accredited opposition.

A number of opposition assemblys formed the National Liberation Crossing.

Their demands were for tidy federal, rather than a unique government for an independent Yellow Coast, and for an higher house of parliament where chiefs and other traditional leaders could act as a counter crossreference the CPP majority in greatness assembly.^[123] They drew considerable regulars in the Northern Territory arena among the chiefs in Ashanti, who petitioned the British king, Elizabeth II, asking for pure Royal Commission into what cover up of government the Gold Veer let slide forget should have.^[